Policy on the Frontlines: Community Nonprofit Organizations Working with Older Adults During COVID-19 in Montréal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29173/cjnser694Keywords:
community nonprofit organizations, social infrastructure, age-friendly cities, aging in place, COVID-19 pandemicAbstract
Community nonprofit organizations (CNPOs) are a vital component of the social infrastructure that addresses the needs of older adults aging in place. Despite this, CNPOs are overlooked in political research and relevant policies, such as the age-friendly cities program. This article examines CNPO work during the COVID-19 pandemic in Montréal, Québec. Policy analysis, surveys, and interviews with CNPO staff, local policy actors, and older adults reveal that CNPOs became increasingly essential frontline social service providers during the pandemic. While CNPOs fill gaps in public and private social infrastructures, they are facing considerable service, labour, administrative, and financial challenges due to inadequate policy support. Policy on aging must incorporate CNPO work in different sectors and communities, facilitate partnerships that respect CNPO autonomy, and improve CNPO funding.
Downloads
References
Ball, S. and Lawler, K. (2014). Changing practice and policy to move to scale. A framework for age-friendly communities across the United States. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 26. 19-32.
Braun, V. and Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
Buffel, T., Phillipson, C., and Rémillard-Boilard, S. (2019). Age-Friendly cities and
communities: New directions for research and policy. In D. Gu & M. E. Dupre (Eds.),
Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging. Springer, Cham.
Cailouette, J. (2004). The community and social economy movement in Québec: Development and recognition (1989-2003). Centre de Recherche sur les Innovations Sociales, no ET0415.
Coule, T. M., Dodge, J. and Eikenberry, A. M. (2022). Toward a critical non-profit studies: A literature review. Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 51(3), 478-506.
Cunningham, I., Baines, D., Shields, J., and Lewchuk, W. (2016). Austerity policies, ‘precarity’ and the nonprofit workforce: A comparative study of UK and Canada. Journal of Industrial Relations, 58(4), 455–472.
Evans, B., Richmond, T., and Shields, J. (2005). Structuring neoliberal governance: The non-profit sector, emerging new modes of control and the marketisation of service delivery. Policy and Society, 24(1), 73-97.
Evans, B. and Shields, J. (2018). The third sector, the neo-liberal State and beyond: Reshaping contracting and policy advocacy. In C. Dunn (Ed.), The handbook of Canadian public administration (pp. 489-500). Don Mills: Oxford University Press.
Un Québec pour tous les âges. Le plan d’action 2018-2023. (2018). Report. Québec : Secrétariat aux aînés du ministère de la Famille et Ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux.
Hebblethwaite, S., Young, L., and Martin Rubio, T. (2021). Pandemic precarity: Aging and social engagement. Leisure Sciences, 43(1–2), 170–176.
Joy, M. (2020). The right to an age friendly city: Redistribution, recognition, and senior citizen rights in urban spaces. Montreal, Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Joy, M. and Shields, J. (2020). The political economy of the non-profit sector. In H. Whiteside (Ed.), Canadian Political Economy (pp. 215-233). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Joy, M., Marier, P. and Séguin, A-M. (2018). La démarche villes-amies des aînés. Un remède universel pour vieillir chez soi? In V. Billette, P. Marier, & A-M. Séguin (Eds.) Les vieillissement sous la loupe : entre mythes et réalités (pp. 75-84). Laval: Presses de l'Université Laval.
Laforest, R. (2011a). Voluntary sector organizations and the state: Building new relations. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Laforest, R. (2011b). “L’étude du tiers secteur au Québec: Comment saisir la spécificité québécoise? Politique et Sociétés, 30(1), 43-55.
Lasby, D. and Barr, C. (2021). The uneven impact of the pandemic on Canadian charities. Sector Monitor. Imagine Canada.
Menec, V. H. (2017). Conceptualizing social connectivity in the context of age-friendly
communities. Journal of Housing For the Elderly, 31(2), 99–116.
Phillips, S. D., and Wyatt, B. (2021). Intersections and innovations: Change for Canada’s voluntary and nonprofit sector. Edmonton: Muttart Foundation.
Plan d’action municipal pour les personnes aînées 2018-2020. (2018). Montréal, métropole à l’image des personnes aînées. Report. Montrèal : Service de la diversité sociale et des sports de la Ville de Montréal.
Russell, E., Skinner, M. W., and Fowler, K. (2022). Emergent challenges and opportunities to sustaining age-friendly initiatives: Qualitative findings from a Canadian age-friendly funding program. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 34(2), 198-217.
Salamon, L.M. (2015). The resilient sector revisited: The new challenge to nonprofit America, 2nd edition. Washington: Brookings Institution.
Shields, J. and Abu Alrob, Z. (2020). COVID-19, migration and the Canadian immigration system: Dimensions, impact and resilience. Building Migrant Resilience in Cities (BMRC) Project. Toronto: York University.
Smith, M. (2005). Diversity and identity in the non-profit sector: Lessons from LGBT organizing in Toronto. Social Policy & Administration, 39(5), 463-480.
White, D. (2001). Maîtriser un mouvement, dompter une idéologie : l’État et le secteur
communautaire au Québec. Canadian Journal of Policy Research, 2(2), 132-141.
World Health Organization. (2007). Global age-friendly cities: A guide. Geneva: WHO Press.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Meghan Joy, Laurie Fournier, Kate Marr-Laing , Shannon Hebblethwaite

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Submission of an original manuscript to the Canadian Journal of Nonprofit and Social Economy Research / Revue canadienne de recherche sur les OSBL et l'économie sociale [thereafter CJNSER] will be taken to mean that it represents original work not previously published, and that it is not being considered elsewhere for publication.
The journal takes the stance that the publication of scholarly research is meant to disseminate knowledge and, in a not-for-profit regime, benefits neither publisher nor author financially. It sees itself as having an obligation to its authors and to society to make content available online now that the technology allows for such a possibility. In keeping with this principle, the journal will publish all of its issues online.
Authors who publish in CJNSER agree to release their articles under the Creative Commons 4.0 International Licence (CC BY). This licence allows anyone to copy and distribute the article provided that appropriate attribution is given. For details of the rights an author grants users of their work, please see the licence summary and the full licence.
[Content published between 2010 and 2019-10 was licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.5 Canada (CC BY-NC-ND 2.5 CA) License. Content published between 2019-10 to 2023-12 was licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License. Content published after 2023-12 is licensed under the Creative Commons 4.0 International (CC BY) License.]